STUDY ON THE INTERACTION OF AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE AND MALONIC ACID BY SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC AND SPECTROFLUORIMETRIC METHODS IN TABLETS: APPLICATION TO CONTENT UNIFORMITY TESTING

Objective: The objective of this research to study the interaction between amitriptyline hydrochloride in drug products via reaction with mixed acids anhydrides: Application to Content Uniformity Testing.Methods: Malonic acid anhydride (MAA), is a labeling reagent known to react with tertiary amines and forming stable condensation colored product which can be measured either spectrophotometrically, or spectrofluorometrically. Different experimental parameters were established by varying each in turn while keeping others constant. These factors include; effect of concentration of MAA, effect of diluting solvent, effect of heating temperature and time.Results: Linearity of the proposed methods was found to be between 0.5–10 μg/ml μg/ml with good correlation coefficient (0.9998) for spectrophotometrically method, and 0.05–6 μg/ml with good correlation coefficient (0.9998) for spectrofluorometrically method. LOD was found to be 0.168 μg/ml and 0.016 μg/ml, and LOQ was calculated to be 0.510 μg/ml and 0.050 μg/ml for two methods respectively. The % recovery of the proposed methods was found to be 100.06 %-100.07 %. The method was found to be precise as the values of % RSD obtained for both intraday and interday, precision studies were found to be<2.0 %. The molar absorptivity, Sandell sensitivity and Quantum yield were calculated. Also the activation energy, enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy change of the reaction were evaluated. The methods were applied to the analysis of commercial tablet Tryptizol (10 mg, 25 mg). The study was extended to content uniformity testing.Conclusion: The present study described the successful evaluation of MAA reagent in the development of simple and rapid spectrophotometric and spectroflourimetric methods for the accurate determination of APT in drug substance and drug products.Â

Finite Element Analysis of Two Nearby Interfering Strip Footings Embedded in Saturated Cohesive Soils

The issue of interaction between nearby footings is of paramount practical significance. The interference effect should be taken into account since the footing may really be separated from or bounded by other footings on one or both sides. In this regard, this paper studies the effect of two nearby interfering strip footings embedded in saturated cohesive soils, which will help to provide a better understanding of the impact of footing depth on the interference effect. A numerical study is carried out using the finite element program (Midas GTS-NX), and the behavior of closely placed strip footings embedded in the saturated cohesive soils is investigated under the influence of different factors such as the spacing between footings, the depth of footings, soil undrained shear strength, and the groundwater table. It was concluded that the soil cohesion and the footing depth ratio have a notable influence on the interference of closely spaced footings. For all cohesion values, it has been observed that the spacing needed for interference to vanish decreases with an increase in the depth of the footing and water table. In addition, as the S/B ratio increases, the ultimate bearing capacity (UBC) of interfering footings decreases until it reaches the same value as an isolated footing at greater spacing. The UBC is approximately 10% higher at S/B = 1 compared to the isolated footing. However, at S/B = 1, the UBC of two footings achieves a value equal to that of an isolated footing and does not change when the S/B ratio increases. With increasing footing depth, there is an increase in UBC. Finally, the highest values of x were obtained in all cases when Cu = 40 kPa. This indicates that the interaction between footings is greater when the soil is softer. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-03-017 Full Text: PD

Investigation on Existing Tunnel Response to Piles Construction: A Numerical Study

Deep foundations are frequently built close to existing tunnels in the urban environment. Tunnels can only withstand very small movements. The construction of bored piles and/or the subsequent loading of the piles may result in unbearable movements or stresses that could result in cracking of the tunnel linings, which worries obstacles to the tunnel structure. This research presents an understanding of the interaction issue and investigates and evaluates various geometric factors that determine the effect of the construction of the pile on the existing tunnel. However, numerical modeling was established utilizing a modified Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model for the soil strata. Numerous factors have been examined, including different locations of the pile tip to the tunnel centerline as well as variable pile diameters and lengths. The numerical analysis results revealed that the bending moment decreases as the distance from the tunnel increases from 8 to 12 m and then remains constant, while the shear stress is not affected considerably. In addition, the shear stress and bending moment increase with pile diameter and length due to the increased confinement caused by the pile. The spacing has a considerable effect on the horizontal displacement with very little effect on the vertical displacement. Moreover, there is an increase in the shear force developed in the tunnel lining with pile diameter for different spacings between the tunnel and pile. This increase becomes smaller as the pile length increases. At small spacing between the pile and tunnel (8.3 m and 12.5 m), the bending moment in the tunnel lining decreases as the pile length increases. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-SP2023-09-016 Full Text: PD

Strength Properties of Polymer Reactive Powder Concrete with Waste Materials

Reactive powder concrete, or RPC, outperforms conventional or even high-performance concrete in terms of ultra-high strength and better durability. Several buildings were destroyed in Iraq, and recycling the garbage from these buildings can significantly help reduce waste and environmental pollution as well as serve as a source of aggregate for use in new construction. Reusing garbage and using sustainable building materials are now crucial environmental challenges, so this study aimed to replace the natural fine aggregate, NFA, used in preparations of polymer reactive powder concreter, "PRPC" with recycled aggregates, or RA, from crushed old concrete, COC, in order to make PRPC production more environmentally and sustainably friendly. In this study, RPC is modified by adding styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), a polymer, to the original mixture at a ratio of 13% by weight of cement. This study sought to determine the effect of using COC as recycled fine aggregate (RFA) on the compressive, splitting, and flexural strengths of PRPC. The main objective of this investigation is to study the effect of oil (water, new oil, and waste engine oil) on the compressive and tensile strengths of PRPC with COC and to compare the behavior with that of a control mix (PRPC with NFA). The mixtures were prepared using six different percentages of RFA, replacing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% NfA. After 28 days, the six mixes were divided into three groups. The first was still being cured in water, W; the second in waste engine oil, WEO; and the third in kerosene oil, KO. The results showed that using COC as RFA in PRPC was viable, and according to this investigation, the mix with 40% COC replacement with NFA provides the highest values of compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength before and after exposure to liquids (water, new oil, and waste engine oil). Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-08-09 Full Text: PD

Y-chromosomal STR variation in Kurds and Arabs population in Iraqi Kurdistan

Background: The Iraqi Kurdistan local population involves more than eight gatherings of tenants. The Muslim Kurds make up most of the population and after that the Yezidi Kurds. Alternate gatherings incorporate Armenians, Assyrian, Chaldea, Syriacs, and little minority of Arab and Turkmen individuals.Methods: A total of 36 unrelated males from the two population groups in Iraqi Kurdistan: Kurds and Arabs were analyzed for eight Y-chromosome STRs (DYS19, DYS392, DYS437, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635 and Y-GATA-H4). Total DNA from blood cells was extracted using DNA extraction Kit.Results: A number of genetic parameters such as mean number of alleles, allele frequency, gene diversity, polymorphic information content (PIC), and genetic distance were calculated using Power Marker V3.25 software. The DYS458 had the highest diversity (GD: 0.883), while loci DYS456 and Y-GATA-H4 had the lowest (GD: 0.574). The Dendrogram separated the populations into two main clades, the Kurd group and the Arab group except in one case only from the whole population.Conclusions: This study confirms the discriminating power of high-resolution Y-STR typing and provides first primary dataset on Iraqi Kurdistan samples. The comparison of Kurdish and Arab datasets reveals an interesting overall picture of isolation of Kurdish group. The primers DYS19, DYS448, DYS458, and DYS635 can be considered the best for their high PIC power

Variation of Y-Chromosomal STRs in Yezidi and Chaldean Population in Iraqi Kurdistan

Purpose: Because many ethnic groups live in the northern part of Iraq which represents the Iraqi part of Kurdistan. Short tandem repeats are widely used in population genetics and forensic science. This research aims to analyze the Y-chromosomal STR markers of the two ethnic groups Yezidi and Chaldean. Subjects and Methods: A DNA from Peripheral blood from a total of 44 unrelated males was extracted (22 for each ethnic group) and analysis for eight STRs of the Y-chromosome (Y-GATA-H4, Y-GATA-C4, DYS458, DYS456, DYS448, DYS437, DYS392 and DYS19). Then, the PCR products were run on 10% gel of polyacrylamide and stained by silver nitrate. The results were analyzed by Power marker V3.25 and dendogram created by Mega X software. Results: The highest diversity observed at Y-GATA-C4 (GD: 0.81) while lowest diversity was observed at DYS456 (GD: 0.64) at Yezidi group. At Chaldean group DYS458 (GD: 0.88) was the most diverse, while the least diverse marker was in Y-GATA-H4 0.66 in Chaldea and in Chaldean samples loci DYS458. The marker Y-GATA-C4 was found to be the most informative marker in both groups with PIC value of 0.8605. Conclusions: The study confirmed the high discrimination ability of the Y-STRs analysis and providing dataset on these two ethnic groups of Iraqi Kurdistan. The dendogram of Yezidi and Chaldean datasets reveals that the Yezidi individuals are more closely related to each other as compared to Chaldean group because Yezidi people because of intermarriage among them more than the Chaldean

Effects of Using Silica Fume and Lime in the Treatment of Kaolin Soft Clay

Soil stabilization can make the soils becoming more stable by using an admixture to the soil. Lime stabilization enhances the engineering properties of soil, which includes reducing soil plasticity, increasing optimum moisture content, decreasing maximum dry density and improving soil compaction. Silica fume is utilized as a pozzolanic material in the application of soil stabilization. Silica fume was once considered non-environmental friendly. In this paper, the materials required are kaolin grade S300, lime and silica fume. The focus of the study is on the determination of the physical properties of the soils tested and the consolidation of kaolin mixed with 6% silica fume and different percentages (3%, 5%, 7% and 9%) of lime. Consolidation test is carried out on the kaolin and the mixtures of soil-lime-silica fume to investigate the effect of lime stabilization with silica fume additives on the consolidation of the mixtures. Based on the results obtained, all soil samples are indicated as soils with medium plasticity. For mixtures with 0% to 9% of lime with 6% SF, the decrease in the maximum dry density is about 15.9% and the increase in the optimum moisture content is about 23.5%. Decreases in the coefficient of permeability of the mixtures occur if compared to the coefficient of permeability of kaolin soft clay itself reduce the compression index (Cc) more than L- SF soil mix due to pozzolanic reaction between lime and silica fume and the optimum percent of lime-silica fume was found to be (5%+6%) mix. The average coefficient of volume compressibility decreases with increasing the stabilizer content due to pozzolanic reaction happening within the soil which results in changes in the soil matrix. Lime content +6% silica fume mix can reduce the coefficient of consolidation from at 3%L+6%SF, thereafter there is an increase from 9%L+6%SF mix. The optimal percentage of lime silica fume combination is attained at 5.0% lime and 6.0% silica fume in order to improve the shear strength of kaolin soft clay. Microstructural development took place in the stabilized soil due to increase in lime content of tertiary clay stabilized with 7% lime and 4% silica fume together